Albert Einstein (1921)
Contribution: Awarded for the discovery of the photoelectric effect, which was pivotal in establishing quantum theory.
Career Summary: Renowned physicist, best known for the theory of relativity and his equation 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐².
Marie Curie (1903)
Contribution: Shared with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel for their joint research on radiation phenomena.
Career Summary: First woman to win a Nobel Prize, also won in Chemistry in 1911 for her work on radium and polonium.
Linus Pauling (1954)
Contribution: For his research on the nature of the chemical bond.
Career Summary: Known for his work in quantum chemistry and molecular biology; also won the Peace Prize in 1962.
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964)
Contribution: For her work on the structure of important biochemical substances using X-ray crystallography.
Career Summary: Developed insights into structures such as penicillin and vitamin B12.
Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain (1945)
Contribution: For the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in infectious diseases.
Career Summary: Pioneers in antibiotic development, saving millions of lives globally.
Tu Youyou (2015)
Contribution: For her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria.
Career Summary: Discovered artemisinin, a drug that has significantly reduced malaria mortality.
Gabriel García Márquez (1982)
Contribution: For his novels and short stories, exemplifying magic realism and human complexity.
Career Summary: Best known for One Hundred Years of Solitude and Love in the Time of Cholera.
Toni Morrison (1993)
Contribution: For her narrative prose bringing African-American culture and experiences to global attention.
Career Summary: Renowned for novels such as Beloved and Song of Solomon.